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The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is ''r'', not ''z'' as in Common Turkic.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=95–96}} {{lang-cv|вăкăр}} - {{lang-tr|öküz}} - {{lang-tt-Cyrl|үгез}} - {{lang-en|ox}}. Hence the name ''[[Turkic tribal confederations|Oghur]]'' corresponds to ''Oghuz'' "tribe" in Common Turkic.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30}} Other correspondences are Com. ''š'' : Oghur ''l'' (''tâš'' : ''tâl'', 'stone'); ''s'' > ''š''; ''*č'' > ''ś''; ''k/q'' > ''ğ''; ''y'' > ''j, ś''; ''d, δ'' > ''δ'' > ''z'' (10th cent.) > ''r'' (13th cent.)"; ''ğd'' > ''z'' > ''r'' (14th cent.); ''a'' > ''ı'' (after 9th cent.).{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=20, 96}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30, 236–239}} The shift from ''s'' to ''š'' operates before ''i'', ''ï'', and ''iV'', and [[Vladimir Dybo]] calls the sound change the "Bulgar [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]]".{{sfn|Dybo|2014|p=13}}
The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is ''r'', not ''z'' as in Common Turkic.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=95–96}} {{lang-cv|вăкăр}} - {{lang-tr|öküz}} - {{lang-tt-Cyrl|үгез}} - {{lang-en|ox}}. Hence the name ''[[Turkic tribal confederations|Oghur]]'' corresponds to ''Oghuz'' "tribe" in Common Turkic.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30}} Other correspondences are Com. ''š'' : Oghur ''l'' (''tâš'' : ''tâl'', 'stone'); ''s'' > ''š''; ''*č'' > ''ś''; ''k/q'' > ''ğ''; ''y'' > ''j, ś''; ''d, δ'' > ''δ'' > ''z'' (10th cent.) > ''r'' (13th cent.)"; ''ğd'' > ''z'' > ''r'' (14th cent.); ''a'' > ''ı'' (after 9th cent.).{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=20, 96}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30, 236–239}} The shift from ''s'' to ''š'' operates before ''i'', ''ï'', and ''iV'', and [[Vladimir Dybo]] calls the sound change the "Bulgar [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]]".{{sfn|Dybo|2014|p=13}}


[[Denis Sinor]] believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of [[Mongolic languages]], given that Mongolian dialects feature the ''-z'' suffix.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=29}} [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]], however, has noted that there are many loanwords in [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ''ikere'', Oghuric ''*ikir'', Hungarian ''iker'', Common Turkic ''*ikiz'' 'twins',{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30}} and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=31}}
[[Denis Sinor]] believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of [[Mongolic languages]], given that Mongolian dialects feature the ''-z'' suffix.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=29}} [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]], however, has noted that there are many loanwords in [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ''ikere'', Oghuric ''*ikir'', Hungarian ''iker'', Common Turkic ''*ikiz'' 'twins',{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=30}} and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=31}}


Last living Oghuric language, the [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] is the sole living representative of [[Bulgar language|Volga Bulgar language]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |pages=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marcantonio |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA167 |title=The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=0-631-23170-6 |page=167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Glanville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA88 |title=Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2000 |isbn=0-631-22039-9 |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clauson |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ-7yFXRpiYC&pg=PA38 |title=Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-29772-9 |page=38}}</ref> Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined. It is considered to share a linguistic connection with the [[Khazar language]] in Oghuric languages.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shapira |first=Dan |title=KHAZARS |date=2020-12-14 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_12395 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online |access-date=2022-05-05 |publisher=Brill |language=en}} "Eṣṭaḵri stated in one place that the Bulḡar language is like the language of the Khazars, thus giving rise to the Chuvash-Bulḡar"</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |date=June 2020 |title=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fbook%2f41762%2fchapter-abstract%2f354239965%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Golden|2006|p=91}}<ref name="Ludwig 1982">{{cite thesis |last=Ludwig |first=Dieter |date=1982 |title=Struktur und Gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen |publisher=Münster}}</ref> It has two to three dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56420105 |title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |others=Carl Skutsch, Martin Ryle |isbn=1-57958-392-X |location=New York |oclc=56420105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |date=2020-06-30 |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |pages=446–464 |language=en |chapter=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028 |quote= |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter/354239965}}</ref>
Last living Oghuric language, the [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]] is the sole living representative of [[Bulgar language|Volga Bulgar language]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |pages=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Marcantonio |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA167 |title=The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2002 |isbn=0-631-23170-6 |page=167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Glanville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA88 |title=Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2000 |isbn=0-631-22039-9 |page=88}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Clauson |first=Gerard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ-7yFXRpiYC&pg=PA38 |title=Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2002 |isbn=0-415-29772-9 |page=38}}</ref> It is considered to share a linguistic connection with the [[Khazar language]] in Oghuric languages.<ref>{{Citation |last=Shapira |first=Dan |title=KHAZARS |date=2020-12-14 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_12395 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online |access-date=2022-05-05 |publisher=Brill |language=en}} "Eṣṭaḵri stated in one place that the Bulḡar language is like the language of the Khazars, thus giving rise to the Chuvash-Bulḡar"</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |date=June 2020 |title=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |url=https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fbook%2f41762%2fchapter-abstract%2f354239965%3fredirectedFrom%3dfulltext |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Golden|2006|p=91}}<ref name="Ludwig 1982">{{cite thesis |last=Ludwig |first=Dieter |date=1982 |title=Struktur und Gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen |publisher=Münster}}</ref> It has two to three dialects.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56420105 |title=Encyclopedia of the world's minorities |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |others=Carl Skutsch, Martin Ryle |isbn=1-57958-392-X |location=New York |oclc=56420105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Savelyev |first=Alexander |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |date=2020-06-30 |isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |pages=446–464 |language=en |chapter=Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028 |quote= |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter/354239965}}</ref> The Oghuric tribes are also connected with the [[Hungarians]], whose exo-ethnonym is usually believed to be derived from ''[[Onoğurs|On-Oğur]]'' (> ''(H)Ungari''). ''Hungarians'' -> ''Hun Oghur'' -> (''ten oghur tribes''): On ogur -> up.[[Chuvash language|chv.]] Won ogur -> dow.[[Chuvash language|chv.]] Wun ogur -> [[Belarusian language|belor.]] Wugorac -> [[Russian language|rus.]] Wenger -> [[Slovene language|slove]]. Vogr, Vogrin -> [[Czechoslovakia|cheh.]] [[Poland|pol.]] Węgier, Węgrzyn, -> [[Lithuanian language|lit.]] Veñgras. {{sfn|Golden|1992|p=102–103}}

The Oghuric tribes are often connected with the [[Hungarians]], whose exo-ethnonym is usually believed to be derived from ''[[Onoğurs|On-Oğur]]'' (> ''(H)Ungari''). ''Hungarians'' -> ''Hun Oghur'' -> (''ten oghur tribes''): On ogur -> up.[[Chuvash language|chv.]] Won ogur -> dow.[[Chuvash language|chv.]] Wun ogur -> [[Belarusian language|belor.]] Wugorac -> [[Russian language|rus.]] Wenger -> [[Slovene language|slove]]. Vogr, Vogrin -> [[Czechoslovakia|cheh.]] [[Poland|pol.]] Węgier, Węgrzyn, -> [[Lithuanian language|lit.]] Veñgras. {{sfn|Golden|1992|p=102–103}}


The Hungarians are culturally of mixed [[Ugrians|Ugrian]] / [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] heritage, with strong Oghuric-Bulgar and Khazar influences, even though much of the modern-day Hungarian genepool also has strong Slavic, Germanic, and Iranic influences.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=262}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=333}}{{sfn|Guglielmino|Béres|1996|p=351-353}} Hungarian has many borrowings from Common Turkic and Oghuric languages:{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=259–260}}
The Hungarians are culturally of mixed [[Ugrians|Ugrian]] / [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] heritage, with strong Oghuric-Bulgar and Khazar influences, even though much of the modern-day Hungarian genepool also has strong Slavic, Germanic, and Iranic influences.{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=262}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=333}}{{sfn|Guglielmino|Béres|1996|p=351-353}} Hungarian has many borrowings from Common Turkic and Oghuric languages:{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=259–260}}

Revision as of 13:51, 26 April 2023

Not to be confused with Ugric languages or Oghuz languages.
Oghuric
Onogur
Ogur
Geographic
distribution
Linguistic classificationTurkic
  • Oghuric
Subdivisions
Glottologbolg1249

The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric[3] languages (also known as Bulgar,[4] Bulgharic,[5] Pre-Proto-Bulgaric[6] or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghuric languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars.[7]

History

The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash. The only other language which is conclusively proven to be Oghuric is the long-extinct Bulgar, while Khazar may be a possible relative within the group.[8] The Hunnic language is sometimes assumed to have been a Oghuric language, although such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names.[9] Oghuric was the lingua franca of the Khazar state.[10]

There is no consensus among linguists on the relation between Oghuric and Common Turkic and several questions remain unsolved:[3]

  • Are they parallel branches of Proto-Turkic (c. 500 BC) and, if so, which branch is more archaic?
  • Does Oghuric represent Archaic Turkic before phonetic changes in 100-400 AD and was it a separate language?

Fuzuli Bayat dates the separation into Oghur r-dialects and Oghuz z-dialects to the 2nd millennium BC.[11]

Features

The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is r, not z as in Common Turkic.[8] Chuvash: вăкăр - Turkish: öküz - Tatar: үгез - English: ox. Hence the name Oghur corresponds to Oghuz "tribe" in Common Turkic.[3] Other correspondences are Com. š : Oghur l (tâš : tâl, 'stone'); s > š; *č > ś; k/q > ğ; y > j, ś; d, δ > δ > z (10th cent.) > r (13th cent.)"; ğd > z > r (14th cent.); a > ı (after 9th cent.).[12][13] The shift from s to š operates before i, ï, and iV, and Vladimir Dybo calls the sound change the "Bulgar palatalization".[14]

Denis Sinor believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of Mongolic languages, given that Mongolian dialects feature the -z suffix.[15] Peter Golden, however, has noted that there are many loanwords in Mongolic from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ikere, Oghuric *ikir, Hungarian iker, Common Turkic *ikiz 'twins',[3] and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.[16]

Last living Oghuric language, the Chuvash is the sole living representative of Volga Bulgar language.[17][18][19][20] It is considered to share a linguistic connection with the Khazar language in Oghuric languages.[21][22][10][23] It has two to three dialects.[24][25] The Oghuric tribes are also connected with the Hungarians, whose exo-ethnonym is usually believed to be derived from On-Oğur (> (H)Ungari). Hungarians -> Hun Oghur -> (ten oghur tribes): On ogur -> up.chv. Won ogur -> dow.chv. Wun ogur -> belor. Wugorac -> rus. Wenger -> slove. Vogr, Vogrin -> cheh. pol. Węgier, Węgrzyn, -> lit. Veñgras. [26]

The Hungarians are culturally of mixed Ugrian / Turkic heritage, with strong Oghuric-Bulgar and Khazar influences, even though much of the modern-day Hungarian genepool also has strong Slavic, Germanic, and Iranic influences.[27][28][29] Hungarian has many borrowings from Common Turkic and Oghuric languages:[30]

Hung. tenger, Oghur. *tengir, Comm. *tengiz 'sea',[3] Hung. gyűrű, Oghur. *ǰürük, Comm. *yüzük 'ring',[31] and terms of equestrian culture ló 'horse', nyereg 'saddle', fék 'bridle', ostor 'whip'.[32] A number of Hungarian loanwords were borrowed before the 9th century, shown by sz- (< Oğ. *ś-) rather than gy- (< Oğ. *ǰ-), for example Hung. szél, Oghur. *śäl, Chuv. śil, Comm. *yel 'wind', Hung. szűcs 'tailor', Hung. szőlő 'grapes'.[31]

In the Oghuz languages as azer. tur. öküz means ox (totemic animal), and is a reflection of the Chuvash language wăkăr where rhotacism is used, in the Kipchak languages it is ögiz.[33][34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Juha Janhunen, (1996), Manchuria: An Ethnic History, p. 190
  2. ^ Golden 1992, p. 110.
  3. ^ a b c d e Golden 2011, p. 30.
  4. ^ The extinct Bulgar, Bulgaric, etc., a Turkic group, should not be confused with the unrelated Indo-European Bulgarian, which is very much alive.
  5. ^ Savelyev 2020, p. 446. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFSavelyev2020 (help)
  6. ^ Golden 2011, p. 39.
  7. ^ Golden 2011, p. 239.
  8. ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 95–96.
  9. ^ Savelyev 2020, p. 448. sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFSavelyev2020 (help)
  10. ^ a b Golden 2006, p. 91.
  11. ^ Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Sayı 3 (Güz 2004), s.71-77. Fuzuli Bayat: Oğuz kelimesinin etimolijisi, Page 74.
  12. ^ Golden 1992, p. 20, 96.
  13. ^ Golden 2011, p. 30, 236–239.
  14. ^ Dybo 2014, p. 13.
  15. ^ Golden 2011, p. 29.
  16. ^ Golden 2011, p. 31.
  17. ^ Agyagási, K. (2020). "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508
  18. ^ Marcantonio, Angela (2002). The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167. ISBN 0-631-23170-6.
  19. ^ Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 88. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.
  20. ^ Clauson, Gerard (2002). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 0-415-29772-9.
  21. ^ Shapira, Dan (2020-12-14), "KHAZARS", Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, Brill, retrieved 2022-05-05 "Eṣṭaḵri stated in one place that the Bulḡar language is like the language of the Khazars, thus giving rise to the Chuvash-Bulḡar"
  22. ^ Savelyev, Alexander (June 2020). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  23. ^ Ludwig, Dieter (1982). Struktur und Gesellschaft des Chazaren-Reiches im Licht der schriftlichen Quellen (Thesis). Münster.
  24. ^ Encyclopedia of the world's minorities. Carl Skutsch, Martin Ryle. New York: Routledge. 2005. ISBN 1-57958-392-X. OCLC 56420105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  25. ^ Savelyev, Alexander (2020-06-30). "Chuvash and the Bulgharic languages". The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. pp. 446–464. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0028. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
  26. ^ Golden 1992, p. 102–103.
  27. ^ Golden 1992, p. 262.
  28. ^ Golden 2011, p. 333.
  29. ^ Guglielmino & Béres 1996, p. 351-353.
  30. ^ Golden 1992, p. 259–260.
  31. ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 164.
  32. ^ Golden 1992, p. 259.
  33. ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page: 120.
  34. ^ Егоров (Egorov), Василий Георгиевич (1964). Чăваш чĕлхин этимологи словарĕ [Этимологический словарь чувашского языка] (PDF) (in Russian). Cheboksary: Чувашское книжное издательство.
Sources
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