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#REDIRECT [[Martyr#Political_meanings]] |
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{{short description|Person persecuted because of a political belief or cause}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}} |
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In politics, a '''martyr''' is someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, and/or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause. |
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==Examples== |
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===Sovereignty=== |
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{{see also|Separatism|Independence|Irredentism}} |
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The [[Manchester Martyrs]] were three Irishmen executed after being condemned for association with the killing of a policeman in [[Manchester]], England in 1867. The day after the executions, [[Frederick Engels]] wrote to [[Karl Marx]]: "Yesterday morning the Tories, by the hand of Mr Calcraft, accomplished the final act of separation between England and Ireland. The only thing that the [[Fenians]] still lacked were martyrs. ... To my knowledge, the only time that anybody has been executed for a similar matter in a civilised country was the case of [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] at Harpers Ferry. The Fenians could not have wished for a better precedent."<ref>Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_11_24.htm Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx]</ref> Ten [[Provisional IRA|Irish Republican Army ]] members died during a [[1981 hunger strike]], including [[Bobby Sands]]. |
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The [[Belfiore martyrs]] (in [[Italian language|Italian]], ''Martiri di Belfiore'') were a group of [[Italy|Italian]] pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging in 1853 during the Italian [[Italian Unification|Risorgimento]]. They included [[Tito Speri]] and the priest [[Enrico Tazzoli (priest)|Enrico Tazzoli]] and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to [[Mantua]]. |
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===Unionism=== |
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The [[Tolpuddle Martyrs]] were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in [[Dorset]], England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the ''Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.'' The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a [[friendly society]], that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific [[benefit society]]. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of [[trade union]]s, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced not to death but to [[penal transportation|transportation]] to [[Australia]], a harsh form of exile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/TolpuddleMartyrs.htm |title=The Tolpuddle Martyrs |publisher=Historic-uk.com |date= |accessdate=2014-08-22}}</ref> |
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===Communism=== |
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{{see also|Martyrdom in Chinese culture}} |
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In the [[People's Republic of China]], people who died in the cause of the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]{{mdash}}most particularly the many victims of the 1927 [[Shanghai massacre]] but also including devoted humanitarians during the [[Chinese Civil War]] such as the Canadian physician [[Tillson Harrison]]{{mdash}}are honored and commemorated as martyrs. The red scarf worn by the 100+ million [[Young Pioneers of China|Young Pioneers]] honors their spilt blood. [[Jiang Zhuyun]] and [[Liu Hulan]] are notable female martyrs who have been commemorated in various media. Notable monuments include the [[Monument to the People's Heroes (Shanghai)|Monument to the People's Heroes]] at the confluence of [[Suzhou Creek]] and the [[Huangpu River]] in central [[Shanghai]] and the [[Longhua Martyrs' Memorial]]. |
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Many [[communist]] activists have died as martyrs in India, due to their allegiance to various communist parties, such as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]. Most of them hail from mainly [[leftist]] states such as [[Kerala]], and [[Tripura]]. In Kerala, many are killed in protests by the police, and some are assassinated by activists in other political parties, such as the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. The district of [[Kannur district|Kannur]] has reported to have had the most political murders. Here, the RSS are known to have used brutal violence to eliminate CPI(M) workers. |
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===Civil rights movement=== |
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In the [[United States]], the assassinations of [[Malcolm X]] in 1965 and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in 1968 have been linked to their leadership in movements to improve the rights and quality of life of black citizens, [[black nationalism]] and the [[civil rights movement]] respectively. |
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==Notable examples== |
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*1793 – [[Jean-Paul Marat]], a French Jacobin assassinated by Charlotte Corday. |
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*1835 – King [[Hintsa kaKhawuta]], a Xhosa monarch who was shot and killed while attempting to escape captivity during Sixth Frontier War, also known as the Hintsa War. |
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*1859 – [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], a militant abolitionist who was executed after his raid on Harper’s Ferry. Many abolitionists of the time extolled him as a martyr. |
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*1865 – [[Abraham Lincoln]], the 16th U.S. President. Assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer [[John Wilkes Booth]] after the end of the American Civil War. |
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*1881 – [[James A. Garfield]], 20th U. S. President. Shot and killed by an office seeker. Considered one of the people who died for corruption to end. |
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*1940 - [[Leon Trotsky]] murdered on the Orders of Soviet General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] by NKVD agent [[Ramón Mercader]] in Mexico City, Trotsky is considered a Marytr by Trotskyist Internationals |
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*2024 - [[Alexei Navalny]] a Russian opposition leader, lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and political prisoner died while serving a 19-year prison sentence in the corrective colony [[FKU IK-3]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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[[Category:Political activism]] |
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[[Category:Cultural aspects of death]] |
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[[Category:Martyrdom]] |
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Latest revision as of 13:39, 22 May 2024
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