Pokémon: Difference between revisions

Pokémon
Pokémon
	Logo of Pokémon for its international releases; Pokémon is short for the original Japanese title of Pocket Monsters.
Original work	Pocket Monsters Red and Pocket Monsters Green (1996)
Owner	Nintendo; Creatures; Game Freak
Years	1996–present
Print publications
Comics	See list of Pokémon manga
Films and television
Film(s)	See list of Pokémon films
Animated series	Pokémon (1997–present)
Games
Traditional	Pokémon Trading Card Game
Video game(s)	Pokémon video game series
Official website
	Official hub

Browse history interactively

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Revision as of 08:11, 27 June 2023

Pokémon is a media franchise consisting of video games, serialized cartoons and films, trading cards, countless pieces of merchandise, and various other products. The franchise takes place in a shared universe in which humans co-exist with creatures called Pokémon, a large variety of species endowed with special powers. The world of Pokémon has three primary goals. The first is to travel and explore new areas. The second is to discover and catch a specimen of each Pokémon species. The third is to train a small team of Pokémon from those caught, and have them battle with Pokémon of others players. The franchise's target audience is boys and girls from 5 to 12,^[1] but it is known to attract people of all ages.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

The franchise originates from Japan, where it started as a pair of role-playing games developed by Game Freak, following an original concept by its founder, Satoshi Tajiri. Released on the Game Boy on 27 February 1996, the games became surprise hits and were followed by manga series, a trading card game, and anime series and films. From 1998 to 2000, Pokémon was exported to the rest of the world, creating an unprecedented global sensation dubbed "Pokémania". By 2002, the craze had ended, after which the brand became a fixture in children's entertainment, with new products being released until this day. In the summer of 2016, the franchise spawned a second craze with the release of Pokémon Go, an augmented reality game developed by Niantic. Pokémon has since grown into one of the highest-grossing media franchise in the world, as well as one of the biggest gaming franchises.

Pokémon has an uncommon ownership structure.^[6] While most properties are managed by a single company, Pokémon is owned by three: Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures.^[7] Game Freak develops the role-playing games, which are considered the core of the Pokémon franchise. Nintendo publishes the Pokémon games exclusively on their consoles. Creatures produces the Pokémon card sets, creates some of the spin-off video games, and assists Game Freak with development. The Pokémon anime series and films are written and co-owned by Shogakukan. In 1998, The Pokémon Company (TPC) was established as a joint venture by Nintendo, Game Freak, and Creatures. This concern manages Pokémon in Asia. Since 2009, The Pokémon Company International (TPCi), a subsidiary of TPC, has managed the Pokémon franchise in all regions except Asia.^[8]

Name

The full, original Japanese name of the franchise is ポケットモンスター, of which the romanized form is Poketto Monsutā. The name translates to Pocket Monsters. The word ポケモン, Pokemon, is a Japanese portmanteau of the franchise's complete name, ポケットモンスター, Poketto Monsutā. This abbreviation is the most commonly used title of the franchise. In the Japanese language, terms are often shortened by removing some of their syllables; for example, rimokon (remote control) is a clipping of rimōto kontorōrā. The kanji mono (物), meaning 'thing(s)', is sometimes shortened to mon, which is phonetically equal to the katakana mon (モン).^[a] Because of this, the word Pokemon also bears the connotation of 'Poke-stuff'. When the franchise was introduced to countries outside of Asia in 1998, the short form of the title was used, but an acute accent was added to help with pronunciation.^[9] Since Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002), the name Pokémon, with accented e, has also been used on Japanese products.^[10]

The term Pokémon refers both to the franchise itself and collectively to the monsters within its fictional universe. As a noun, the word Pokémon is identical in both the singular and plural, as is every individual species name.^[11] Thus, it is correct to say "one Pokémon" and "many Pokémon", as well as "one Pikachu" and "many Pikachu". This mirrors their Japanese roots, since there are no plural nouns in the Japanese language. In English, the word Pokémon is either pronounced as poh-kee-mahn or poh-key-mahn.^[12]

General concept

The Pokémon franchise takes place in a fictional world abound with nature: grasslands, forests, caves, lakes, seas, etc. It is scarcely populated by humans, who share the world with a wide range of extraordinary creatures: Pokémon. The first pair of video games contain 151 different species. Subsequent games introduced new ones: as of 2023^[update], a total of 1.015 Pokémon species exist.^[b] Many Pokémon are playful representations of real-life animals. For example, Charmander is a red salamander-/lizard-like species with a flame burning at the tip of its tail, which can blow large clouds of fire from its mouth. Pikachu is a yellow, rodent-like creature with a tail shaped as a lightning bolt, able to blast powerful electric jolts through the air. Pikachu is one of the franchise's central icons.

The world of Pokémon has three main goals. The first is to travel the Pokémon universe and explore the many different habitats it contains. The second is to discover and catch a specimen of each Pokémon species, completing the player's collection. The third is to train a small team of Pokémon from those caught, and have them engage in battles to become more powerful. Catching Pokémon is done by using spherical tools called Poké Balls. After the player has battled and sufficiently weakened a Pokémon, he or she throws the Poké Ball against the Pokémon, which is then transformed into a form of energy and transported into the ball. If the being is then unable to escape the confines of the device, it is automatically 'tamed', and from that point under the command of the person who caught it. If the Poké Ball is thrown again, the Pokémon re-materializes and returns to its original size. The player's Pokémon can be pitted in battles against teams of other players. Because the franchise is aimed at children, these battles are never presented as overly violent, and contain no blood or gore.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] Pokémon never die in battle – they "faint" when they are defeated.^[17]^[18]^[19] When not fighting, the creatures usually stay inside their Poké Balls, which the player caries around during their travels, hence the name "Pocket Monsters".

If a Pokémon wins a battle, it gains experience and becomes stronger. In the video games, this is displayed by experience points, a level value, and by various statistics, such as Attack and Speed. As their level increase, Pokémon can learn new offensive and defensive methods, commonly called moves. Furthermore, many species of Pokémon can undergo a form of spontaneous metamorphosis and transform into stronger forms, a process called Pokémon evolution. Most species will evolve when they have grown to a certain level. Others evolve through different means, such as exposure to an evolution stone.

Media

Video games and other software

Pokémon video games have been released in a wide variety of genres. As of June 2023^[update], a total of 122 Pokémon games have been published. According to Pokémon's official website, as of March 2023^[update], over 480 million Pokémon game units have been sold worldwide.^[20]

Core series

Pokémon video games, in particular the core RPGs, are commonly classified in generations. For example, Pokémon director Junichi Masuda referred to Diamond and Pearl (2006) as Gen 4,^[21] and X and Y (2013) as the 6th generation.^[22]

The video game series, and the franchise as a whole, began with Pokémon Red and Green (1996), released outside Japan as Pokémon Red and Blue (1998). A special 'Pikachu version', Pokémon Yellow (1998), came next. Generation 2 began with Pokémon Gold and Silver (1999). A special edition, Pokémon Crystal (2000), was released later. This pattern was repeated in Gen 3 and 4: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (2002) were followed by Pokémon Emerald (2004); and Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (2006) were followed by Pokémon Platinum (2008).

Generation 5 includes Pokémon Black and White (2010) and Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 (2012) for the Nintendo DS. Gen 6 began with Pokémon X and Y (2013) for the Nintendo 3DS. Pokémon Sun and Moon (2016) and Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (2017), also released for the Nintendo 3DS, are considered the 7th Generation. With the launch of the Nintendo Switch came the Gen 8 games Pokémon Sword and Shield (2019) and Pokémon Legends: Arceus (2022). The most recent core Pokémon RPGs are Pokémon Scarlet and Violet (2022), part of the 9th Generation, for the Switch.

Throughout the years, a number of remakes of the core games have been released: FireRed and LeafGreen (2004), HeartGold and SoulSilver (2009), Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire (2014), Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl (2021), and Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee! (2018). The latter pair of games are remakes of Pokémon Yellow.

Side series

Pokemon Stadium (1998) is considered the first Pokémon side game. In Japan, it was followed by Pokemon Stadium 2 (1999), which was later released in the West as Pokémon Stadium (2000). The original Pokemon Stadium has never been released outside Japan. Next came Pokemon Stadium Gold & Silver (2000), which was released in the West as Pokémon Stadium 2 (2001). The games allow players to use a Transfer Pack to load their Pokémon from their Game Boy cartridge onto their Nintendo 64 memory card and into the game. None of the Stadium titles feature a storyline like the RPGs: they focus mainly on Pokémon battles.

Pokémon Colosseum (2003) and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness (2005) are full-fledged RPGs for the GameCube, developed by Genius Sonority. Pokémon Battle Revolution (2006), released for the Wii, was also made by Genius Sonority. Unlike their previous two games, Battle Revolution has no storyline, only a battle mode. Via WiFi, the game can connect with the Nintendo DS and transfer Pokémon between Battle Revolution and Pokémon DS games.

Spin-offs

Pokémon spin-off games have been created since the early days of the franchise. Hey You, Pikachu! (1998) is a virtual pet simulator in which the player can communicate with the titular character through a microphone bundled with the game. In Pokémon Snap (1999), the objective is not to catch Pokémon, but to photograph them. Pokémon Puzzle League (2000) and Pokémon Puzzle Challenge (2000) are based on Tetris Attack. Other early spin-offs include Pokémon Trading Card Game (1998) and Pokémon Pinball (1999). Pokémon Channel (2003) combines elements of the adventure, virtual pet, and simulation genres and is a spiritual successor to Hey You, Pikachu! .

The Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series are roguelike RPGs in which the player controls various Pokémon instead of a human trainer. The series is notable for featuring randomly generated dungeons, making every playthrough unique. The Pokémon Ranger series are action RPGs. It consists of three titles, all released for the Nintendo DS. In the games, the player catches Pokémon by drawing circles around them on the DS's touchscreen, using the stylus. After catching, the Pokémon befriends the player and follows them around, aiding them in catching other Pokémon and solving puzzles. Befriended Pokémon will leave after a while and return to their habitat.

The Pokémon Rumble series are beat 'em up games featuring melee battles. PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure (2009) and its sequel PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond (2011) are action-adventure games. The player controls Pikachu and travels through the titular park, engaging in battles, completing minigames, and making friends with the various Pokémon that live there. Detective Pikachu (2018) is an adventure game for the Nintendo 3DS in which Tim Goodman and his Pikachu friend solve various mysteries. The game was adapted into a live-action film that premiered in 2019.

Three crossover games with Pokémon have been released: Pokémon Conquest (2012) is a tactical RPG crossover with Nobunaga's Ambition; Pokkén Tournament (2016) and Pokkén Tournament DX (2017) are fighting game crossovers with Tekken.

The Pokémon Company first entered the mobile phone game market in 2011 with Pokémon Say Tap?, a Japan-only, rhythm-based game for iOS and Android. Since then, a large number of Pokémon mobile games have been released, most notably Pokémon Go (2016), an augmented reality game developed by Niantic that spawned a worldwide craze in the summer of 2016. Pokémon Duel (2016) is a discontinued digital tabletop game based on the Pokémon Trading Figure Game. Pokémon Quest (2018) is an action-adventure game with a Minecraft-esque graphical design. Pokémon Café Mix (2020), later renamed Pokémon Café ReMix, is a puzzle game in which players needs to swipe and match various icons within a time limit. Pokémon Unite (2021) is a multiplayer online battle arena game.

Other software

A number of 'transfer programs' have been released to move Pokémon in between games and other storages: Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire (2003) for the GameCube; My Pokémon Ranch (2008), a discontinued WiiWare app; and Pokémon Bank (2014), a discontinued Nintendo eShop app for the 3DS. The most recent transfer program is Pokémon HOME (2020) for iOS, Android, and the Nintendo Switch. HOME allows transferring Pokémon to and from Sword/Shield, Scarlet/Violet, the Let's Go games, and Pokémon Go.

Pokémon Sleep is an upcoming sleep-tracking app that rewards the user with Pokémon depending on the quality of their sleep.

Trading card game

Palkia, a card from the *Diamond and Pearl Base Set*

The Pokémon Trading Card Game (PTCG) was one of the first collectable card games (CCGs) in Japan. It was inspired by Magic: The Gathering. ^[23]^[24]^[25] As with all CCGs, Pokémon players need a deck – in this case, a stack of 60 cards. Players can build their own deck, or use a pre-made one. There are various types of cards, including basic Pokémon, evolved Pokémon, energies, and trainer cards. The player who wins a coin toss begins by drawing 7 cards from their shuffled deck. From the 7 cards in their hand, the player has to put one basic Pokémon (i.e. an unevolved Pokémon) on the field. If the player didn't drew a basic Pokémon, they need to reshuffle their deck and draw 7 cards again ("taking a mulligan").^[26] Aside from placing a basic Pokémon on the field, players can also place dormant basic Pokémon on the table. These form the bench. When the active Pokémon is defeated, the player puts a new Pokémon from their bench on the field. For each subsequent turn, the player draws 1 new card from their deck.^[27]

To attack, players must place energy cards from their hand to their active or benched Pokémon (putting them underneath them, with the top part sticking out). All attacks require a certain amount of energy cards, some of specific types. One of the main difficulties of the game is that players need to strategize which energy cards they should give to which Pokémon. With each turn, the player can evolve one Pokémon if they have an evolved Pokémon card in their hand. Evolved Pokémon are stronger: they have more HP (Health Points) and their attacks deal more damage. However, they also require more energy cards. Damage is indicated using damage counters (small plastic cards placed on top or right next to the card). Trainer cards have various effects. They include healing items, items to be held by Pokémon, as well as cards that allow the player to draw more cards from their deck.^[27]

The Pokémon Trading Card Game was designed by Creatures, which continues to develop new cards and card sets to this day. According to the official website of The Pokémon Company, 43.2 billion cards have been produced as of March 2022.^[20] As of June 2023^[update], the fansite Bulbapedia documents 96 main card sets, 13 special editions, and 36 promotional sets.^[28]

Anime

As of 2023^[update], the Pokémon anime series consists of 26 seasons, with the latest season currently ongoing. The first episode debuted in Japan on 1 April 1997, and in other regions in 1998. A new season debuts about every year. From the 20th season, a slightly different visual style was used – in particular the eyes of the human characters were drawn differently. In the last episode of season 25, main protagonists Ash Ketchum and his Pikachu left the series for good.^[29] Season 26 introduced two new main protagonists: Loko and Roy.^[30]

A total of 23 Pokémon anime films have been released, the most recent being Pokémon the Movie: Secrets of the Jungle (2020).

Aside from the main anime series, a number of spinoff series have been produced. The Weekly Pokémon Broadcasting Station (Shūkan Pokémon Hōsōkyoku), also known as Hōsō, aired on TV Tokyo from 2002 to 2004. Its episodes focus on various characters from the main series. Hōsō was released in English as Pokémon Chronicles.

Pokémon Origins (2013), Generations (2016), Twilight Wings (2020), Evolutions (2021), and Hisuian Snow (2022) are spin-off miniseries. They are based on the main Pokémon RPGs, but are completely separate from the main series.

Criticisms and controversies

Morality and religious beliefs

Pokémon has been criticized by some fundamentalist Christians over perceived occult and violent themes and the concept of "Pokémon evolution", which they feel goes against the Biblical creation account in Genesis.^[31] Sat2000, a satellite television station based in Vatican City, has countered that the Pokémon Trading Card Game and video games are "full of inventive imagination" and have no "harmful moral side effects".^[32]^[33] In the United Kingdom, the "Christian Power Cards" game was introduced in 1999 by David Tate who stated, "Some people aren't happy with Pokémon and want an alternative, others just want Christian games." The game was similar to the Pokémon Trading Card Game but used Biblical figures.^[34]

In 1999, Nintendo stopped manufacturing the Japanese version of the "Koga's Ninja Trick" trading card because it depicted a manji, a traditionally Buddhist symbol with no negative connotations. The Jewish civil rights group Anti-Defamation League complained because the symbol is the reverse of a swastika, a Nazi symbol. The cards were intended for sale in Japan only, but the popularity of Pokémon led to import into the United States with approval from Nintendo. The Anti-Defamation League understood that the portrayed symbol was not intended to offend and acknowledged the sensitivity that Nintendo showed by removing the product.^[35]^[36]

In 1999, two nine-year-old boys from Merrick, New York, sued Nintendo because they claimed the Pokémon Trading Card Game caused their problematic gambling.^[37]

In 2001, Saudi Arabia banned Pokémon games and the trading cards, alleging that the franchise promoted Zionism by displaying the Star of David in the trading cards (the Colorless energy from the Pokémon Trading Card Game resembles a six-pointed star) as well as other religious symbols such as crosses they associated with Christianity and triangles they associated with Freemasonry; the games also involved gambling, which is in violation of Muslim doctrine.^[38]^[39]

Pokémon has also been accused of promoting materialism.^[40]

Animal cruelty

In 2012, PETA criticized the concept of Pokémon as supporting cruelty to animals. PETA compared the game's concept, of capturing animals and forcing them to fight, to cockfights, dog fighting rings and circuses, events frequently criticized for cruelty to animals. PETA released a game spoofing Pokémon where the Pokémon battle their trainers to win their freedom.^[41] PETA reaffirmed their objections in 2016 with the release of Pokémon Go, promoting the hashtag #GottaFreeThemAll.^[42]

Health

On December 16, 1997, more than 635 Japanese children were admitted to hospitals with epileptic seizures.^[43] It was determined the seizures were caused by watching an episode of Pokémon "Dennō Senshi Porygon", (most commonly translated "Electric Soldier Porygon", season 1, episode 38); as a result, this episode has not been aired since. In this particular episode, there were bright explosions with rapidly alternating blue and red color patterns.^[44] It was determined in subsequent research that these strobing light effects cause some individuals to have epileptic seizures, even if the person had no previous history of epilepsy.^[45] This incident is a common focus of Pokémon-related parodies in other media, and was lampooned by The Simpsons episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" in a short cameo^[46] and the South Park episode "Chinpokomon",^[47] among others.

Pokémon Go

Within its first two days of release, Pokémon Go raised safety concerns among players. Multiple people also suffered minor injuries from falling while playing the game due to being distracted.^[48]

Multiple police departments in various countries have issued warnings, some tongue-in-cheek, regarding inattentive driving, trespassing, and being targeted by criminals due to being unaware of one's surroundings.^[49]^[50] People have suffered various injuries from accidents related to the game,^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54] and Bosnian players have been warned to stay out of minefields left over from the 1990s Bosnian War.^[55] On July 20, 2016, it was reported that an 18-year-old boy in Chiquimula, Guatemala, was shot and killed while playing the game in the late evening hours. This was the first reported death in connection with the app. The boy's 17-year-old cousin, who was accompanying the victim, was shot in the foot. Police speculated that the shooters used the game's GPS capability to find the two.^[56]

Cultural influence

Pokémon, being a globally popular franchise, has left a significant mark on today's popular culture. The various species of Pokémon have become pop culture icons; examples include two different Pikachu balloons in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Pokémon-themed airplanes operated by All Nippon Airways, merchandise items, and a traveling theme park that was in Nagoya, Japan in 2005 and in Taipei in 2006. Pokémon also appeared on the cover of the U.S. magazine Time in 1999.^[57] The Comedy Central show Drawn Together has a character named Ling-Ling who is a parody of Pikachu.^[58] Several other shows such as The Simpsons^[59] South Park^[60] and Robot Chicken^[61] and The Flash have made references and spoofs of Pokémon, among other series. Pokémon was featured on VH1's I Love the '90s: Part Deux. A live action show based on the anime called Pokémon Live! toured the United States in late 2000.^[62] Jim Butcher cites Pokémon as one of the inspirations for the Codex Alera series of novels.^[63]

Pokémon has even made its mark in the realm of science. This includes animals named after Pokémon, such as Stentorceps weedlei (named after the Pokémon Weedle for its resemblance) and Chilicola charizard (named after the Pokémon Charizard) as well as Binburrum articuno, Binburrum zapdos, and Binburrum moltres (named after the Pokémon Articuno, Zapdos, and Moltres, respectively).^[64]^[65] There is also a protein named after Pikachu, called Pikachurin.

In November 2001, Nintendo opened a store called the Pokémon Center in New York, in Rockefeller Center,^[66] modeled after the two other Pokémon Center stores in Tokyo and Osaka and named after a staple of the video game series. Pokémon Centers are fictional buildings where Trainers take their injured Pokémon to be healed after combat.^[67] The store sold Pokémon merchandise on a total of two floors, with items ranging from collectible shirts to stuffed Pokémon plushies.^[68] The store also featured a Pokémon Distributing Machine in which players would place their game to receive an egg of a Pokémon that was being given out at that time. The store also had tables that were open for players of the Pokémon Trading Card Game to duel each other or an employee. The store was closed and replaced by the Nintendo World Store on May 14, 2005.^[69] Four Pokémon Center kiosks were put in malls in the Seattle area.^[70] The Pokémon Center online store was relaunched on August 6, 2014.^[71]

Meitetsu 2200 series train *Giratina & Shaymin*

Professor of education Joseph Tobin theorizes that the success of the franchise was due to the long list of names that could be learned by children and repeated in their peer groups. Its rich fictional universe provides opportunities for discussion and demonstration of knowledge in front of their peers. The names of the creatures were linked to its characteristics, which converged with the children's belief that names have symbolic power. Children can pick their favourite Pokémon and affirm their individuality while at the same time affirming their conformance to the values of the group, and they can distinguish themselves from others by asserting what they liked and what they did not like from every chapter. Pokémon gained popularity because it provides a sense of identity to a wide variety of children, and lost it quickly when many of those children found that the identity groups were too big and searched for identities that would distinguish them into smaller groups.^[72]^{[page needed]}

E3 Series Shinkansen train in Pokémon livery

Pokémon's history has been marked at times by rivalry with the Digimon media franchise that debuted at a similar time. Described as "the other 'mon'" by IGN's Juan Castro, Digimon has not enjoyed Pokémon's level of international popularity or success, but has maintained a dedicated fanbase.^[73] IGN's Lucas M. Thomas stated that Pokémon is Digimon's "constant competition and comparison", attributing the former's relative success to the simplicity of its evolution mechanic as opposed to Digivolution.^[74] The two have been noted for conceptual and stylistic similarities by sources such as GameZone.^[75] A debate among fans exists over which of the two franchises came first.^[76] In actuality, the first Pokémon media, Pokémon Red and Green, were released initially on February 27, 1996;^[77] whereas the Digimon virtual pet was released on June 26, 1997.

Fan community

While Pokémon's target demographic is children, early purchasers of Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire were in their 20s.^[78] Many fans are adults who originally played the games as children and had later returned to the series.^[78]

Numerous fan sites exist for the Pokémon franchise, including Bulbagarden, a site hosting the wiki-based encyclopedia Bulbapedia,^[79]^[80]^[81] and Serebii,^[82] a news and reference website.^[83] Large fan communities exist on other platforms, such as the subreddit r/pokemon, which has over 4 million subscribers.^[84]

A significant community around the Pokémon video games' metagame has existed for a long time, analyzing the best ways to use each Pokémon to their full potential in competitive battles. The most prolific competitive community is Smogon University, which has created a widely accepted tier-based battle system.^[85] Smogon is affiliated with an online Pokémon game called Pokémon Showdown, in which players create a team and battle against other players around the world using the competitive tiers created by Smogon.^[86]

In early 2014, an anonymous video streamer on Twitch launched Twitch Plays Pokémon, a small experiment trying to crowdsource playing subsequent Pokémon games, that started with the game Pokémon Red and has since included subsequent games in the series.^[87]^[88]

A study at Stanford Neurosciences published in Nature performed magnetic resonance imaging scans of 11 Pokémon experts and 11 controls, finding that seeing Pokémon stimulated activity in the visual cortex, in a different place than is triggered by recognizing faces, places, or words, demonstrating the brain's ability to create such specialized areas.^[89]^[90]

Footnotes

^ When kanji (characters of Chinese origins) are spelled out in kana (characters of Japanese origins), hiragana is normally used, not katakana, although it would sound the same when spoken. The shortened kanji mon is written in hiragana as もん; see also its Wiktionary entry.
^ This number does not include Mega Evolutions, Dynamax, Gigantamax, regional variants, and other forms. These are not considered separate Pokémon species, but variations on existing ones.

References

^ Kimura, Makoto (27 February 2006), ポケットモンスター（1996～1998） [Pocket Monsters (1996 – 1998)] (PDF), 2nd version, Waseda University, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2018, ポケモンの主要顧客層は 5～12 歳の少年少女である。 [Pokémon's main customer base is boys and girls aged 5 to 12.]
^ Tomisawa, Akihito (1 September 2000). ゲームフリーク: 遊びの世界標準を塗り替えるクリエイティブ集団 [Game Freak: A Creative Group That Redefines the Global Standard for Gaming]. Media Factory. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-4840101189. やがて、どうせ子供向けのゲー厶だろう、と見向きもしなかつた大人たちまでが手を出しはじめた。 [Soon, the game was even picked up by adults, who initially didn't pay attention to it as they considered a children's game.]
^ Mcfarland, Melanie; Parvaz, D.H. (11 April 1999). "Are Your Children Nuts About Little Cartoon Creatures From Japan? Don't Know Why? The Diagnosis Is Simple: Pokemon Fever". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. And yes, there are plenty of adult fans as well.
^ Lockridge, Rick (14 October 1999). "Pokemon mania sweeps United States". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2002. Some grown-ups admit they enjoy the game themselves.
^ Sahdev, Ishaan (1 December 2014). "Pokémon's Audience Is Growing Older". Siliconera. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020.
^ Hatakeyama, Kenji; Kubo, Masakazu (10 December 2000). ポケモン・ストーリー [Pokemon Story]. Nikkei BP. pp. 474–475. ISBN 978-4822241995. こうした合議制に近いシステムは、実は有名キャラクターではそれほど一般的なシステムではありません。(...) いま、世界的キャラクターの中で、原作権が1大、もしくは1社に集約されていないキャラクタ—は、ポケモンただ一つでしょう。 [Such a council-like system is actually not that common among well-known properties. (...) Pokemon is probably the only character in the world today whose original rights are not consolidated in the hands of a single major copyright holder or a single company.]
^ "Legal Information". pokemon.com.
^ Daswani, Mansha (9 April 2009). "Pokémon Merges North American, European Operations". WorldScreen.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009.
^ Tsukayama, Hayley (4 August 2016). "Meet the man who made Pokémon an international phenomenon". The Washington Post.
^ See the Japanese title screens of Ruby and Sapphire.
^ Baylis, Jamie (29 August 1999). "Invasion Of Pokemon". The Washington Post. p. H01. Pokemon is at once plural and singular.
^ "Pokémon". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
^ Liu, Caitlin (10 May 1999). "Pokemon Is One Powerful Drawing Card". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Parents said that, although some Pokemon charters [sic] are violent, the depiction of blood and gore that comes into family rooms every night is far worse.
^ Graeber, Laurel (29 August 1999). "Masters of the Universe, Youth Division". The New York Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. "But on the other hand, I don't worry about it as much as, say, 'Beast Wars', 'Batman' or 'X-Men'", all animated series that she said emphasized violence.
^ Thomas-Lester, Avis (13 December 1999). "For Parents, It's No Game: Pokemon Plays Hard to Get". The Washington Post. Parents find them less violent than some other recent toy phenomena, such as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
^ Mallory, Michael (12 October 2001). "Kids' Anime Hits Critical Mass". Los Angeles Times. p. F18. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. [The anime] managed to crack a perennial kids' TV nut: how to present action without violence. It's the stylized, whimsical little monsters that do all the fighting, not the humans.
^ Plotz, David (12 November 1999). "Pokémon. Little. Yellow. Different. Better". Slate. Archived from the original on 16 March 2003. Pokémon softens its violence with sweetness. Like Ninja Turtles and Power Rangers, Pokémon is packed with battle scenes. But it is far gentler. Pokémon never die, they only "faint."
^ Howe, Rupert (5 March 2000). "Made in Japan: Chasing the Dragon. Pokemon Was Nicknamed 'Kiddie Crack'. But a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive". The Independent. pp. 20–23. But Pokemon was different. Pokemon monsters, famously, do not die; they simply suffer a cute fainting fit. And it's this emphasis on non-violent problem-solving and group action which also informs the new shows.
^ Burkeman, Oliver (20 April 2000). "Pokémon power". p. A2. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. It's certainly hard to make charges of violence stick: Pokémon fights are ceremonial and impeccably polite in a uniquely Japanese way, and the monsters never die anyway - they just faint before rejuvenating themselves at special Pokémon hospitals. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter | work= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b "Pokémon in Figures". corporate.pokemon.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023.
^ Masuda, Junichi [@Junichi_Masuda] (17 October 2018). "シンオウ地方、初ゲットのポケモンはビッパでしたー！(^^) #PokemonGO #Gen4 #シンオウ地方" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 – via Twitter.
^ Masuda, Junichi (21 January 2013). "No.233". gamefreak.co.jp. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Pokémon X and Pokémon Y–the evolved sixth generation of Pokémon.
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^ ^a ^b Pokémon Trading Card Game Rules (2023).
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^ LeBlanc, Wesley (3 March 2023). "Meet The Main Characters Of The New Pokémon Anime Coming This Year". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023.
^ "Pokémon: The Movie (1999)". ChildCare Action Project. 1999. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ Silverman, Stephen M. (9 December 1997). "Pokemon Gets Religion". People. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ Barrett, Devlin. "POKEMON EARNS PAPAL BLESSING". New York Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2000. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ "Pokémon trumped by pocket saints". BBC. June 27, 2000. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ Fitzgerald, Jim (3 December 1999). "'Swastika' Pokemon card dropped". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 – via HighBeam Research.
^ "Pokemon Symbol A Swastika?". cbsnews.com. December 3, 1999. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Halbfinger, David (September 1999). "Suit Claims Pokemon Is Lottery, Not Just a Fad". New York Times.
^ "Saudi bans Pokemon". CNN. 26 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.
^ "Saudi Arabia bans Pokemon". BBC News. March 26, 2001. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.
^ Ramlow, Todd R. (2000). "Pokemon, or rather, Pocket Money". Popmatters. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
^ "PETA wages war on Pokemon for virtual animal cruelty". CNET. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ "#GottaFreeEmAll: Pokémon Go criticised by PETA for 'animal cruelty' parallels". ITV. July 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
^ Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Zifkin, Benjamin G.; Andermann, Eva; Andermann, Frederick (2005). "REVIEW ARTICLE: Cortical triggers in generalized reflex seizures and epilepsies" (PDF). Oxford University Press.^{[dead link]}
^ "Pokemon on the Brain". University of Washington. March 11, 2000. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
^ "Color Changes in TV Cartoons Cause Seizures". ScienceDaily. 1 June 1999. Archived from the original on 8 November 2004.
^ "Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo". The Simpsons Archive. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008.
^ "South Park Goes Global: Reading Japan in Pokemon". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
^ Nakashinma, Ryan (July 8, 2016). "Players in hunt for Pokemon Go monsters feel real-world pain". Miami Herald. Los Angeles. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ Irby, Kate (11 July 2016). "Police: Pokemon Go leading to increase in local crime". The Idaho Statesman. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Mehta, Diana; Cameron, Peter (July 14, 2016). "OPP warn Pokémon Go players of 'potential risk and harm' while searching for monsters". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.
^ "Mom says teenage daughter hit by car in Tarentum after playing 'Pokemon Go'". WPXI. July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ Mason, Greg (July 14, 2016). "Auburn police: Driver crashes into tree while playing 'Pokemon Go'". Auburnpub.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ Hernandez, David (July 13, 2016). "'Pokemon Go' players fall off 90-foot ocean bluff". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
^ Stortstrom, Mary (14 July 2016). "Police: Don't fall 'catching them all'". The Journal. Martinsburg, West Virginia. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. A 12-year-old Jefferson County boy suffered a broken femur bone Tuesday night while playing the Pokemon game just off Shipley School Road. A Harpers Ferry first-responder said Wednesday morning the boy was running in the dark and fell off a five-foot-high storm sewer and suffered the leg injury.
^ "Pokemon Go: Bosnia players warned of minefields". BBC. July 19, 2016. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Griffin, Andrew (July 20, 2016). "Teenager shot and killed while searching for creatures in Pokemon Go". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
^ "TIME Magazine Cover: Pokeman - Nov. 22, 1999". TIME.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
^ "Pokemon Sightings and Rip-offs". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
^ Jennifer Sherman (May 3, 2017). "Lisa, Homer Catch 'Peekemon' in The Simpsons' Pokémon Go Parody". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
^ Andy Patrizio (December 17, 2003). "South Park: The Complete Third Season". IGN. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
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External links

Official hub for regional Pokémon websites
Pokémon Center, official merchandise web shop
Official Pokémon GO site
YouTube, Twitter, Instagram

[9] When kanji (characters of Chinese origins) are spelled out in kana (characters of Japanese origins), hiragana is normally used, not katakana, although it would sound the same when spoken. The shortened kanji mon is written in hiragana as もん; see also its Wiktionary entry.

[14] This number does not include Mega Evolutions, Dynamax, Gigantamax, regional variants, and other forms. These are not considered separate Pokémon species, but variations on existing ones.

[1] Kimura, Makoto (27 February 2006), ポケットモンスター（1996～1998） [Pocket Monsters (1996 – 1998)] (PDF), 2nd version, Waseda University, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2018, ポケモンの主要顧客層は 5～12 歳の少年少女である。 [Pokémon's main customer base is boys and girls aged 5 to 12.]

[2] Tomisawa, Akihito (1 September 2000). ゲームフリーク: 遊びの世界標準を塗り替えるクリエイティブ集団 [Game Freak: A Creative Group That Redefines the Global Standard for Gaming]. Media Factory. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-4840101189. やがて、どうせ子供向けのゲー厶だろう、と見向きもしなかつた大人たちまでが手を出しはじめた。 [Soon, the game was even picked up by adults, who initially didn't pay attention to it as they considered a children's game.]

[Mcfarland_Parvaz_(1999)-3] Mcfarland, Melanie; Parvaz, D.H. (11 April 1999). "Are Your Children Nuts About Little Cartoon Creatures From Japan? Don't Know Why? The Diagnosis Is Simple: Pokemon Fever". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. And yes, there are plenty of adult fans as well.

[Lockridge_(1999)-4] Lockridge, Rick (14 October 1999). "Pokemon mania sweeps United States". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 February 2002. Some grown-ups admit they enjoy the game themselves.

[5] Sahdev, Ishaan (1 December 2014). "Pokémon's Audience Is Growing Older". Siliconera. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020.

[6] Hatakeyama, Kenji; Kubo, Masakazu (10 December 2000). ポケモン・ストーリー [Pokemon Story]. Nikkei BP. pp. 474–475. ISBN 978-4822241995. こうした合議制に近いシステムは、実は有名キャラクターではそれほど一般的なシステムではありません。(...) いま、世界的キャラクターの中で、原作権が1大、もしくは1社に集約されていないキャラクタ—は、ポケモンただ一つでしょう。 [Such a council-like system is actually not that common among well-known properties. (...) Pokemon is probably the only character in the world today whose original rights are not consolidated in the hands of a single major copyright holder or a single company.]

[Legal-7] "Legal Information". pokemon.com.

[Daswani_(2009)-8] Daswani, Mansha (9 April 2009). "Pokémon Merges North American, European Operations". WorldScreen.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009.

[10] Tsukayama, Hayley (4 August 2016). "Meet the man who made Pokémon an international phenomenon". The Washington Post.

[11] See the Japanese title screens of Ruby and Sapphire.

[Baylis_(1999)-12] Baylis, Jamie (29 August 1999). "Invasion Of Pokemon". The Washington Post. p. H01. Pokemon is at once plural and singular.

[13] "Pokémon". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

[Liu_(1999)-15] Liu, Caitlin (10 May 1999). "Pokemon Is One Powerful Drawing Card". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Parents said that, although some Pokemon charters [sic] are violent, the depiction of blood and gore that comes into family rooms every night is far worse.

[16] Graeber, Laurel (29 August 1999). "Masters of the Universe, Youth Division". The New York Times. p. 4. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. "But on the other hand, I don't worry about it as much as, say, 'Beast Wars', 'Batman' or 'X-Men'", all animated series that she said emphasized violence.

[17] Thomas-Lester, Avis (13 December 1999). "For Parents, It's No Game: Pokemon Plays Hard to Get". The Washington Post. Parents find them less violent than some other recent toy phenomena, such as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

[Mallory_(2001)-18] Mallory, Michael (12 October 2001). "Kids' Anime Hits Critical Mass". Los Angeles Times. p. F18. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. [The anime] managed to crack a perennial kids' TV nut: how to present action without violence. It's the stylized, whimsical little monsters that do all the fighting, not the humans.

[Plotz_(1999)-19] Plotz, David (12 November 1999). "Pokémon. Little. Yellow. Different. Better". Slate. Archived from the original on 16 March 2003. Pokémon softens its violence with sweetness. Like Ninja Turtles and Power Rangers, Pokémon is packed with battle scenes. But it is far gentler. Pokémon never die, they only "faint."

[Howe_(2000)-20] Howe, Rupert (5 March 2000). "Made in Japan: Chasing the Dragon. Pokemon Was Nicknamed 'Kiddie Crack'. But a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive". The Independent. pp. 20–23. But Pokemon was different. Pokemon monsters, famously, do not die; they simply suffer a cute fainting fit. And it's this emphasis on non-violent problem-solving and group action which also informs the new shows.

[Burkeman_(2000)-21] Burkeman, Oliver (20 April 2000). "Pokémon power". p. A2. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. It's certainly hard to make charges of violence stick: Pokémon fights are ceremonial and impeccably polite in a uniquely Japanese way, and the monsters never die anyway - they just faint before rejuvenating themselves at special Pokémon hospitals. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter | work= ignored (help)

[In_figures-22] "Pokémon in Figures". corporate.pokemon.co.jp. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023.

[23] Masuda, Junichi [@Junichi_Masuda] (17 October 2018). "シンオウ地方、初ゲットのポケモンはビッパでしたー！(^^) #PokemonGO #Gen4 #シンオウ地方" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 – via Twitter.

[24] Masuda, Junichi (21 January 2013). "No.233". gamefreak.co.jp. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Pokémon X and Pokémon Y–the evolved sixth generation of Pokémon.

[Hatakeyama_Kubo_(2000)_p153-25] Cite error: The named reference Hatakeyama_Kubo_(2000)_p153 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Pokemon_Business_Study_Group_(1998)_p112-117-26] Cite error: The named reference Pokemon_Business_Study_Group_(1998)_p112-117 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Kimura_2006-27] Cite error: The named reference Kimura_2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[28] "Pokémon Trading Card Game Rules" (PDF). Pokemon.com. 2023. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2023.

[Rulebook-29] Pokémon Trading Card Game Rules (2023).

[30] "List of Pokémon Trading Card Game expansions". Bulbapedia. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023.

[31] Shepard, Kenneth (16 December 2022). "The Pokémon Anime Is Leaving Ash And Pikachu Behind After 25 Years". Kotaku. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[32] LeBlanc, Wesley (3 March 2023). "Meet The Main Characters Of The New Pokémon Anime Coming This Year". Game Informer. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023.

[33] "Pokémon: The Movie (1999)". ChildCare Action Project. 1999. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

[34] Silverman, Stephen M. (9 December 1997). "Pokemon Gets Religion". People. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.

[35] Barrett, Devlin. "POKEMON EARNS PAPAL BLESSING". New York Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2000. Retrieved 10 August 2013.

[36] "Pokémon trumped by pocket saints". BBC. June 27, 2000. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

[37] Fitzgerald, Jim (3 December 1999). "'Swastika' Pokemon card dropped". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 – via HighBeam Research.

[38] "Pokemon Symbol A Swastika?". cbsnews.com. December 3, 1999. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.

[39] Halbfinger, David (September 1999). "Suit Claims Pokemon Is Lottery, Not Just a Fad". New York Times.

[40] "Saudi bans Pokemon". CNN. 26 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.

[41] "Saudi Arabia bans Pokemon". BBC News. March 26, 2001. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2009.

[42] Ramlow, Todd R. (2000). "Pokemon, or rather, Pocket Money". Popmatters. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 6, 2011.

[43] "PETA wages war on Pokemon for virtual animal cruelty". CNET. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on September 5, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.

[44] "#GottaFreeEmAll: Pokémon Go criticised by PETA for 'animal cruelty' parallels". ITV. July 24, 2016. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.

[45] Ferlazzo, Edoardo; Zifkin, Benjamin G.; Andermann, Eva; Andermann, Frederick (2005). "REVIEW ARTICLE: Cortical triggers in generalized reflex seizures and epilepsies" (PDF). Oxford University Press.^{[dead link]}

[46] "Pokemon on the Brain". University of Washington. March 11, 2000. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

[47] "Color Changes in TV Cartoons Cause Seizures". ScienceDaily. 1 June 1999. Archived from the original on 8 November 2004.

[48] "Thirty Minutes Over Tokyo". The Simpsons Archive. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2008.

[49] "South Park Goes Global: Reading Japan in Pokemon". University of Auckland. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2008.

[50] Nakashinma, Ryan (July 8, 2016). "Players in hunt for Pokemon Go monsters feel real-world pain". Miami Herald. Los Angeles. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.

[Police_Department_Warnings-51] Irby, Kate (11 July 2016). "Police: Pokemon Go leading to increase in local crime". The Idaho Statesman. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

[52] Mehta, Diana; Cameron, Peter (July 14, 2016). "OPP warn Pokémon Go players of 'potential risk and harm' while searching for monsters". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.

[53] "Mom says teenage daughter hit by car in Tarentum after playing 'Pokemon Go'". WPXI. July 13, 2016. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.

[54] Mason, Greg (July 14, 2016). "Auburn police: Driver crashes into tree while playing 'Pokemon Go'". Auburnpub.com. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.

[55] Hernandez, David (July 13, 2016). "'Pokemon Go' players fall off 90-foot ocean bluff". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.

[56] Stortstrom, Mary (14 July 2016). "Police: Don't fall 'catching them all'". The Journal. Martinsburg, West Virginia. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016. A 12-year-old Jefferson County boy suffered a broken femur bone Tuesday night while playing the Pokemon game just off Shipley School Road. A Harpers Ferry first-responder said Wednesday morning the boy was running in the dark and fell off a five-foot-high storm sewer and suffered the leg injury.

[Bosnian_Minefields-57] "Pokemon Go: Bosnia players warned of minefields". BBC. July 19, 2016. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.

[independent_death-58] Griffin, Andrew (July 20, 2016). "Teenager shot and killed while searching for creatures in Pokemon Go". The Independent. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.

[59] "TIME Magazine Cover: Pokeman - Nov. 22, 1999". TIME.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[60] "Pokemon Sightings and Rip-offs". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

[61] Jennifer Sherman (May 3, 2017). "Lisa, Homer Catch 'Peekemon' in The Simpsons' Pokémon Go Parody". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[62] Andy Patrizio (December 17, 2003). "South Park: The Complete Third Season". IGN. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[63] Steve Greene (July 21, 2017). "'Robot Chicken' Trailer: Season 9 is Here to Make Fun of Everything That Comic-Con Loves". IndieWire. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[64] "Pokémon Live!". Pokémon World. Nintendo. Archived from the original on 15 August 2000. Retrieved 26 February 2019.

[65] Butcher, Jim (April 6, 2010). "Jim Butcher chats about Pokemon, responsibility, and Changes". fantasyliterature.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[66] "Doug's Personal Page". faculty.ucr.edu. Retrieved 9 December 2019.

[67] Culver, Jordan. "These three Australian beetles are hard to find. So two researchers named them after Pokémon". USA TODAY. Retrieved 20 August 2022.

[68] Steiner, Ina (November 18, 2001). "Pokemon Center Opens in NYC". EcommerceBytes.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2013.

[69] Raichu 526. "PokeZam.com – Pokemon Center NY – PokeZam". PokeZam. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[70] "Fun for Kids". Big Apple Visitors Center. 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2013.

[71] "Pokemon Center NY". ManhattanLivingMag.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2013.

[72] "Pokémon Center vending machine locations in Seattle". Pokémon Center Support. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.

[73] Sarkar, Samit (July 2, 2014). "Pokémon Center online store opening Aug. 6 in US, soft launch today". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

[74] Joseph Jay Tobin (2004). Pikachu's global adventure: the rise and fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6.

[75] Castro, Juan (20 May 2005). "E3 2005: Digimon World 4". IGN. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2010.

[76] Thomas, Lucas M. (August 21, 2009). "Cheers & Tears: DS Fighting Games". IGN. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2010.

[77] Bedigian, Louis (12 July 2002). "Digimon World 3 Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2010.

[78] DeVries, Jack (November 22, 2006). "Digimon World DS Review". IGN. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2010.

[79] "Related Games". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2010.

[growingolder-80] "Pokémon's Audience Is Growing Older". Siliconera. December 1, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.

[slj_neiburger-81] Neiburger, Eli (July 1, 2007). "Games... in the Library?". School Library Journal. Archived from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Players can refer (or contribute) to Bulbapedia, a wiki-style encyclopedia of the Pokémon universe, to learn about the attributes, strengths, and weaknesses of over 500 different characters; the literacy required for success extends beyond the game itself.

[cyberchiefs-82] O'Neil, Mathieu (2009). Cyberchiefs: autonomy and authority in online tribes (1. publ. ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0745327976. Bulbapedia is a MediaWiki installation run by Pokémon fansite Bulbagarden.net for the purpose of creating a Pokémon-focused encyclopedia. This project is overseen by the Bulbapedia editorial board, and Bulbagarden's executive staff. Bulbapedia also incorporates the Bulbanews wiki, a news organization run by Bulbagarden as a means of publishing Pokémon news quickly and effectively. Bulbapedia is a founding member of Encyclopaediae Pokémonis, a multilingual, open-content Pokémon encyclopedia project.

[USgamer:_Bulbagarden-83] Khaw, Cassandra (19 October 2013). "More Starter Pokemon, Less Starting Pokemon: We Can Make Pokémon X & Y's Wonder Trade Better!". USgamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.

[84] Oxford, Nadia (27 September 2018). "How Serebii Has Remained the Most Important Pokemon News Site for Nearly 20 Years". usgamer. www.usgamer.net. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.

[reddit1-85] Merrick, Joe (7 January 2017). "Joe Merrick AMA on Reddit". Reddit. Retrieved 30 March 2019.

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